M Hyo Multivalent Vaccine and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compositions or vaccines for combating  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae  (M hyo), Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infections in animals and for increasing the ability of pigs to gain weight and/or improve death loss, methods of vaccination against the infections, and kits for use with such methods and compositions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 62/272,017 filed on Dec. 28, 2015.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions or vaccines for combating Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo), Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infections in animals and increasing the ability of pigs to gain weight or improve death loss, methods of vaccination against the infections, and kits for use with such methods and compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Circoviruses, the common name for a family of viruses named Circoviridae and that is found in a range of plant and animal species, are characterized as round, non-enveloped virions with mean diameters from 17 to 23.5 nm containing circular, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA). The ssDNA genome of the circoviruses represents the smallest viral DNA replicons known.

A variety of circoviruses have been identified in a range of animal species including PCV. PCV type II (“PCVII” or “PCV2”), in contrast to PCV type I (“PCVI” or “PCV1”), is closely associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weaning pigs (see Allan et al. Eur. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 1998, 10, 3-10; Ellis et al. Can. Vet. J. 1998, 39, 44-51 and Morozov et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998, 36, 2535-2541). PCV2 has been recognized as the primary causative agent of PMWS, now known as PCVAD (porcine circovirus-associated disease) since the name was modified in March 2006 by the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV). Pigs with naturally acquired or experimentally induced PCV2 infections present with progressive weight loss, tachypnea, dyspnea, and jaundice (Allan et al. 1998; Allan et al. 1999; Ellis et al. 1998; Ellis et al. 1999). Gross pathologic findings that have been directly associated with PCV2 antigen include, lymphadenopathy, interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis and nephritis (Allan et al. 1998; Allan et al. 1999; Ellis et al. 1998; Ellis et al. 1999).

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the cause of enzootic pneumonia, remains an important pathogen in the swine industry. This small, complex organism colonizes the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract, resulting in little exposure to the immune system. The lung lesions, generally observed in young pigs, are characterized by a hyperplasia of the epithelial cells and an increased perivascular and peribronchiolar accumulation of mononuclear cells. Following M. hyopneumoniae infection, immune reactions are observed and resistance is induced in pigs. (Thacker, Anim Health Res Rev. 2004 December; 5(2):317-20 and Kobisch & Friis, Rev Sci Tech. 1996 December; 15(4):1569-605). Clinical symptoms and lesion development are the result of the pathogenic capacity of M. hyopneumoniae and the defense reactions in the lung. The economic relevance of pneumonia is influenced to a large extent by common secondary infections which follow an initial M. hyopneumoniae infection. Different tests for the diagnosis of pneumonia in individual pigs and in groups are available. Treatment and control are not simple since enzootic pneumonia is a multi-factorial disease (Maes et al., Vet Q. 1996, 18(3):104-9).

M. hyopneumoniae is also associated with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), a multifactorial respiratory syndrome that includes several respiratory pathogens. The pathogens most commonly isolated from pigs with clinical signs of PRDC either infect the cells of the immune system or induce significant immunopathology. Thus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and M. hyopneumoniae, the two most common pathogens associated with PRDC, alter the ability of the respiratory immune system to respond to their presence and the presence of other pathogens. By changing the respiratory immune system, these two common pathogens increase the susceptibility to the many other pathogens associated with PRDC (Thacker, Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2001, 17(3):551-65).

The majority of known vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae have been based on adjuvanted inactivated whole cell preparations of M. hyopneumoniae. Commercial sources include RESPIFEND (Fort Dodge, American Home Products), HYORESP (Merial Ltd) or SPRINTVAC (MERIAL Ltd), M+PAC (Schering Plough), PROSYSTEM M (Intervet), INGELVAC M (Boehringer), RESPISURE (Pfizer Inc.), and STELLAMUNE MYCOPLASMA (Pfizer Inc.).

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a virus that causes the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), also known as blue-ear pig disease. This economically important, panzootic disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock and respiratory tract illness in young pigs. Clinical signs of PRRS include reproductive failure in sows such as abortions and giving birth to stillborn or mummified fetuses, and cyanosis of the ear and vulva. PRRSV is a small, enveloped RNA virus. It contains a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA genome with a size of approximately 15 kilobases. The genome contains ten open reading frames (Meulenberg et al., Virology. 1993, 192(1):62-72, Lee and Yoo, J Gen Virol. 2005, 86(11):3091-6; Johnson et al., J of Gen Virol. 2011, 92(5), pp. 1107-1116).

US patent application US 20130266603 relates to a trivalent immunogenic composition including a soluble portion of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) whole cell preparation, a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antigen, and a PRRS virus antigen.

The prevalence of several infectious diseases of swine over the past several years have made it necessary to develop adapted multivalent vaccines and accompanying vaccination schedules. These schedules include the vaccination of pigs prior to maturity, which present logistical difficulties, i.e. the high number of pigs to vaccinate. Another practical problem is the interference when multiple vaccines are co-administered in an animal to treat several infectious diseases. In vaccinology and immunology this is the well-known and unpredictable phenomenon called “efficacy interference.” In co-administration of vaccines (e.g., when two or more vaccines are administered together, either mixed together in the same formulation or in sequential administrations such as a primo- and boost administration as in the instant invention), the two vaccines can interfere. This phenomenon was first noted in the trivalent Sabin polio vaccine, where the amount of serotype 2 virus in the vaccine had to be reduced to stop it from interfering with the “take” of the serotype 1 and 3 viruses in the vaccine.

Infectious agents of swine, especially viruses, not only profoundly affect the farming industry, but pose potential public health risks to humans. Therefore, the development of preventions of PMWS or PCVAD and vaccinations for PCV are essential.

There is also a need for a single vaccine for combating PCV2, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) multiple infections. Such a vaccine would eliminate the need for multiple dosing and thereby significantly decrease the costs and labor associated with the worldwide massive vaccination of swine herds. There remains a need for a multivalent vaccine that is efficacious and effective, easy to be administered to a large number of animals and cost effective.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a polyvalent M hyo composition or vaccine comprising: i) an M hyo antigen, and ii) at least one of: a PCV2 antigen, a PRRSV antigen, or a combination thereof.

The present invention also provides a composition or vaccine comprising a modified-live PRRSV antigen and an inactivated PRRSV antigen.

The present invention showed surprising benefit of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination used in multivalent vaccines to protect animals against a variety of swine pathogens, increase the ability of pigs to gain weights and reduce death loss. The present invention also demonstrated surprisingly that when modified-live PRRSV antigen and inactivated PRRSV antigen were administered together, the animal death rate was reduced.

The present invention relates to a method of vaccinating an animal, or inducing an immunogenic or protective response in an animal, comprising at least one administration of the composition or vector of the present invention.

The present invention also provides a vaccination kit or set, which may comprise one or more vaccine vials containing an M hyo vaccine, a PCV2 vaccine, and a PRRS vaccine.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description, given by way of example, and which is not intended to limit the invention to specific embodiments described, may be understood in conjunction with the accompanying figures, incorporated herein by reference, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts the qPCR performed on serum drawn on the first day of the study.

FIG. 2 depicts FFN Titers from serum drawn on days 0 and 21.

FIG. 3 depicts the mean rate of weight gain among groups.

FIG. 4 depicts mean weight of groups at days 0 and 61 of the study.

FIG. 5 depicts comparison of finishing weights based on Mycoplasma Vaccination Status.

FIG. 6 is a table showing the SEQ ID NO assigned to each DNA and protein sequence.

FIGS. 7A-7C depict sequence alignments and phylogenic tree.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention.

The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicate otherwise. The word “or” means any one member of a particular list and also includes any combination of members of that list.

The term “animal” is used herein to include all mammals, birds and fish. The animal as used herein may be selected from the group consisting of equine (e.g., horse), canine (e.g., dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals), feline (e.g., lions, tigers, domestic cats, wild cats, other big cats, and other felines including cheetahs and lynx), bovine (e.g., cattle, buffalos), swine (e.g., pig), ovine (e.g., sheep), caprine (e.g., goats), camelids (e.g., lamas), avian (e.g., chicken, duck, goose, turkey, quail, pheasant, parrot, finches, hawk, crow, ostrich, emu and cassowary), primate (e.g., prosimian, tarsier, monkey, gibbon, ape), humans, and fish. The term “animal” also includes an individual animal in all stages of development, including embryonic and fetal stages.

As used herein, the term “pig” or “piglet” means an animal of porcine origin, while “sow” refers to a female of reproductive age and capability.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of consecutive amino acid residues.

The term “nucleic acid”, “nucleotide”, and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably and refer to RNA, DNA, cDNA, or cRNA and derivatives thereof, such as those containing modified backbones. It should be appreciated that the invention provides polynucleotides comprising sequences complementary to those described herein. The “polynucleotide” contemplated in the present invention includes both the forward strand (5′ to 3′) and reverse complementary strand (3′ to 5′). Polynucleotides according to the invention can be prepared in different ways (e.g. by chemical synthesis, by gene cloning etc.) and can take various forms (e.g. linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof, primers, probes etc.).

The term “genomic DNA” or “genome” is used interchangeably and refers to the heritable genetic information of a host organism. The genomic DNA comprises the DNA of the nucleus (also referred to as chromosomal DNA) but also the DNA of the plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and other cellular organelles (e.g., mitochondria). The genomic DNA or genome contemplated in the present invention also refers to the RNA of a virus. The RNA may be a positive strand or a negative strand RNA. The term “genomic DNA” contemplated in the present invention includes the genomic DNA containing sequences complementary to those described herein. The term “genomic DNA” also refers to messenger RNA (mRNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), and complementary RNA (cRNA).

The term “gene” is used broadly to refer to any segment of polynucleotide associated with a biological function. Thus, genes or polynucleotides include introns and exons as in genomic sequence, or just the coding sequences as in cDNAs, such as an open reading frame (ORF), starting from the start codon (methionine codon) and ending with a termination signal (stop codon). Genes and polynucleotides can also include regions that regulate their expression, such as transcription initiation, translation and transcription termination. Thus, also included are promoters and ribosome binding regions (in general these regulatory elements lie approximately between 60 and 250 nucleotides upstream of the start codon of the coding sequence or gene; transcription terminators (in general the terminator is located within approximately 50 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the coding sequence or gene). Gene or polynucleotide also refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses mRNA or functional RNA, or encodes a specific protein, and which includes regulatory sequences.

The term “heterologous DNA” as used herein refers to the DNA derived from a different organism, such as a different cell type or a different species from the recipient. The term also refers to a DNA or fragment thereof on the same genome of the host DNA wherein the heterologous DNA is inserted into a region of the genome which is different from its original location.

As used herein, the term “antigen” or “immunogen” means a substance that induces a specific immune response in a host animal. The antigen may comprise a whole organism, killed, attenuated or live; a subunit or portion of an organism; a recombinant vector containing an insert with immunogenic properties; a piece or fragment of DNA capable of inducing an immune response upon presentation to a host animal; a polypeptide, an antigen, an epitope, a hapten, or any combination thereof. Alternately, the immunogen or antigen may comprise a toxin or antitoxin.

The term “immunogenic protein or peptide” as used herein includes polypeptides that are immunologically active in the sense that once administered to the host, it is able to evoke an immune response of the humoral and/or cellular type directed against the protein. Preferably the protein fragment is such that it has substantially the same immunological activity as the total protein. Thus, a protein fragment according to the invention comprises or consists essentially of or consists of at least one epitope or antigenic determinant. An “immunogenic” protein or polypeptide, as used herein, includes the full-length sequence of the protein, analogs thereof, or immunogenic fragments thereof. By “immunogenic fragment” is meant a fragment of a protein which includes one or more epitopes and thus elicits the immunological response described above. Such fragments can be identified using any number of epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art. For example, linear epitopes may be determined by e.g., concurrently synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports, the peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still attached to the supports. Similarly, conformational epitopes are readily identified by determining spatial conformation of amino acids such as by, e.g., x-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance.

The term “immunogenic protein or peptide” further contemplates deletions, additions and substitutions to the sequence, so long as the polypeptide functions to produce an immunological response as defined herein. The term “conservative variation” denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another biologically similar residue, or the replacement of a nucleotide in a nucleic acid sequence such that the encoded amino acid residue does not change or is another biologically similar residue. In this regard, particularly preferred substitutions will generally be conservative in nature, i.e., those substitutions that take place within a family of amino acids. For example, amino acids are generally divided into four families: (1) acidic—aspartate and glutamate; (2) basic—lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar—alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar—glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified as aromatic amino acids. Examples of conservative variations include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another hydrophobic residue, or the substitution of one polar residue for another polar residue, such as the substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic acid for aspartic acid, or glutamine for asparagine, and the like; or a similar conservative replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid that will not have a major effect on the biological activity. Proteins having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the reference molecule but possessing minor amino acid substitutions that do not substantially affect the immunogenicity of the protein are, therefore, within the definition of the reference polypeptide. All of the polypeptides produced by these modifications are included herein. The term “conservative variation” also includes the use of a substituted amino acid in place of an unsubstituted parent amino acid provided that antibodies raised to the substituted polypeptide also immunoreact with the unsubstituted polypeptide.

An “immunological response” to a composition or vaccine is the development in the host of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated immune response to a composition or vaccine of interest. Usually, an “immunological response” includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest. Preferably, the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immunological response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and/or the clinical severity of the disease reduced. Such protection will be demonstrated by either a reduction or lack of symptoms normally displayed by an infected host, a quicker recovery time and/or lowered pathogen loads in the infected host.

The terms “polyvalent vaccine or composition”, “combination or combo vaccine or composition” and “multivalent vaccine or composition” are used interchangeably to refer to a composition or vaccine containing more than one composition or vaccines. The polyvalent vaccine or composition may contain two, three, four or more compositions or vaccines. The polyvalent vaccine or composition may comprise recombinant viral vectors, active or attenuated or killed wild-type viruses, subunits (proteins/antigens), DNA plasmids, or a mixture thereof.

As used herein, the term “inactivated vaccine” means a vaccine composition containing an infectious organism or pathogen that is no longer capable of replication or growth. The pathogen may be bacterial, viral, protozoal or fungal in origin. Inactivation may be accomplished by a variety of methods including freeze-thawing, chemical treatment (for example, treatment with thimerosal, formalin, (betapropiolactone) or BEI (binary ethylenimine)), sonication, radiation, heat or any other convention means sufficient to prevent replication or growth of the organism while maintaining its immunogenicity.

The PCV2 composition or vaccine may comprise a whole or partial cell preparation and/or the supernatant, such as killed virions or modified live preparation, a subunit vaccine, such as a subunit vaccine which may comprise one or more PCV2 derived polypeptides or proteins. The PCV2 composition or vaccine may comprise an inactivated virus.

The PCV2 may be any PCV2 strains disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,368,601, 6,391,314, 6,660,272, 7,122,192, 7,144,698, 7,192,594, 7,504,206, 7,741,039, 7,833,783, 7,803,613, 7,803,926, 7,211,379, 6,517,843. The PCV2 may be the strains Imp. 1008, Imp.1010, Imp999, Imp.1011-48285, Imp.1011-48121, Imp.1103, Imp.1121 as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,379 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,192. The PCV2 strain may be the strain Imp.1010 (CIRCOVAC®).

The PCV2 derived polypeptides or proteins may be those of PCV2 ORF2. The term “ORF2” as sued herein refers to circovirus antigens expressed from the open-reading frame ORF2 (as designated by Meehan et al. (1998) J. Gen. Virol. 78:221-227). ORF2 is believed to be a polypeptide contributing to the viral capsid. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified in the PCV2 genome. Further description of the PCV2 ORF2 may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,368,601, 6,391,314, 6,660,272, 7,122,192, 7,144,698, 7,192,594, 7,504,206, 7,741,039, 7,833,783, 7,803,613, 7,803,926, 7,211,379, 6,517,843, 6,943,152, 6,217,883, 6,953,581, 6,497,883, 7,109,025.

The PCV2 composition or vaccine may further comprise an additional antigen derived from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo), or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), or a combination thereof. The antigen derived from M hyo or PRRSV may be a whole organism, killed, attenuated or live; a subunit or portion of an organism; a recombinant vector containing an insert encoding an antigen with immunogenic properties; a chimeric recombinant vector; a polypeptide, an antigen, or any combination thereof.

The inactivated pathogen or organism can be concentrated by conventional concentration techniques, in particular by ultrafiltration, and/or purified by conventional purification means, in particular using chromatography techniques including, but not limited to, gel-filtration or by ultrafiltration. As used herein, the term “immunogenicity” means capable of producing an immune response in a host animal against an antigen or antigens. This immune response forms the basis of the protective immunity elicited by a vaccine against a specific infectious organism.

The composition or vaccine of the present invention may comprise subunit vaccines having purified PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae or PRRSV immunogenic proteins, polypeptides, antigens and immunogenic fragments of such proteins and polypeptides. Such proteins and polypeptides can be prepared using techniques known in the art. For example, the antigens or proteins may be produced in prokaryotes or eukaryotes. The prokaryotes contemplated in the present invention may include Avibacterium, Brucella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus (e.g., Haemophilus suis), Salmonella (e.g., Salmonella enteridis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella infantis), Shigella, Pasteurella, and Rimeirella. In prokaryotic systems, a number of expression vectors may be selected. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, the multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as PBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene); pET vectors (Novagen); piN vectors (Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chern. 264:5503-5509 (1989)); and the like; PGEX Vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.); In eukaryotic systems, the cell lines may be yeast (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris), baculovirus cells (such as Sf9, Sf21, Tn5B1-4, and S2), mammalian cells, plant cells (such as duckweed and microalgae). The expression vectors of eukaryotic systems include, but are not limited to, pVR1020 or pVT1012 vectors (Vical Inc., San Diego, Calif.), PichiaPink Vector (Invitrogen, CA, USA), pFasBac TOPO vector (Invitrogen).

Further, methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to determine protein purity or homogeneity, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a sample, followed by visualizing a single polypeptide band on a staining gel. Higher resolution may be determined using HPLC or other similar methods well known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the composition or vaccine comprises at least one protein of M. hyopneumoniae such as, but not limited to, P46, P65, P97, P102, P70, P50 and P44. For a sequence of the M. hyopneumoniae genome, reference is made to Minion et al., J Bacteriol. 2004 November; 186(21):7123-33. In another specific embodiment, the composition or vaccine comprises at least one protein of PRRSV, such as, but not limited to, E, ORF3 and M.

In other embodiments, the composition or vaccine of the present invention comprises a M. hyopneumoniae bacterin (inactivated whole or partial cell), or modified live M. hyopneumoniae, or a M. hyopneumoniae protein or polypeptide or immunogenic fragment thereof. The M hyo bacterin may be the inactivated bacterin contained in MAINSAIL® (ProtaTek International, Inc., Saint Paul, Minn.). The M hyo bacterin may be the inactivated bacterin contained in SPRINTVAC®.

The M hyo composition or vaccine may further comprise an additional antigen derived from PCV2, or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), or a combination thereof.

In other embodiments, the composition or vaccine of the present invention comprises a PRRSV (inactivated whole or partial cell), or modified live PRRSV, or a PRRSV protein or polypeptide, or a combination thereof. The composition or vaccine of the present invention may comprise a modified-live PRRSV and an inactivated PRRSV. The PRRSV may be any North American PRRSV or European PRRSV. The North American PRRSV may include, but is not limited to, ATCC VR-2332 strain (Collins et al., 1992, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:117-126), 807/94 strain (Canada), MN-1b strain (Kwang, J. et al., 1994, J, Vet. Diagn. Invest. 6:293-296), VR 2385 strain (Meng, X.-J et al., 1994, J. Gen. Virol. 75:1795-1801), the Quebec LAF-exp91 strain (Mardassi, H. et al., 1995, Arch. Virol. 140:1405-1418). The European PRRSV may include, but is not limited to, Olot strain (Spain), the Lelystad and 110 strains (The Netherlands), the PROGRESSIS® strain (Merial Limited registered product). The PRRSV may be modified-live PRRS strain contained in INGELVAC PRRS® MLV vaccine (Boehringer Ingelheim). The PRRSV may also include strains isolated in Asia and South America.

In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses an attenuated live or inactivated/killed PRRS composition or vaccine.

In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses a novel inactivated/killed PRRSV composition or vaccine. The PRRSV strains are the PRRSV serotype newly identified in the USA. The inactivation may be the chemical inactivation that produces enumerable structural changes, including for example, formation of new chemical bonds via chemical crosslinking, irreversible chemical alteration of the nucleic acid and protein coat.

One embodiment of the invention provides the genomic DNA and gene sequences, and encoded protein sequences of PRRSV strains.

In another embodiment, the invention provides the sequences for ORF5 (also known as glycoprotein 5—GP5) proteins or antigens of PRRSV. In one aspect of the embodiment, the ORF5 proteins of PRRSV have the polypeptide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In another aspect, the ORF5 proteins have at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%. 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% sequence identity to a polypeptide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. In yet another aspect, the ORF5 proteins are encoded by the polynucleotides having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%. 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% sequence identity to a polynucleotide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The invention further encompasses recombinant PRRSV antigens. The recombinant PRRSV antigens may include, but are not limited to, the recombinant PRRSV avipox viral vector (WO20030003112), the PRRSV plasmid vector (U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,243), the modified PRRSV (WO2006129139), the chimeric or recombinant proteins of PRRSV (EP1882478, EP0952219), the chimeric PRRSV (WO2008153572; U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,585; CN101603035; Res Vet Sci. 2013, 95(2):742-51.), and genetically modified PRRSV (U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,364).

In another embodiment, the present invention contemplates preparation and isolation of a progeny or descendant of the PRRSV. The invention therefore extends to PRRSV strains which are derived from the PRRSV strains through propagation or multiplication in an identical or divergent form, in particular descendants which possess the essential characteristics of the deposited strains. Upon continued propagation, the strains may acquire mutations most of which will not alter the properties of these strains significantly. The progeny or descendant may comprise a polynucleotide encoding an ORF5 protein having at least 91% sequence identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, or a polynucleotide encoding an ORF5 protein having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The invention further encompasses at least one PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, or PRRSV antigen contained in a vector molecule or an expression vector and operably linked to a promoter element and optionally to an enhancer.

A “vector” refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA plasmid or virus (viral vector) that comprises a heterologous polynucleotide to be delivered to a target cell, either in vitro or in vivo. The heterologous polynucleotide may comprise a sequence of interest for purposes of therapy, and may optionally be in the form of an expression cassette. As used herein, a vector need not be capable of replication in the ultimate target cell or subject. The term includes cloning vectors and viral vectors.

The polynucleotides of the invention may comprise additional sequences, such as additional encoding sequences within the same transcription unit, controlling elements such as promoters, ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation sites, additional transcription units under control of the same or a different promoter, sequences that permit cloning, expression, homologous recombination, and transformation of a host cell, and any such construct as may be desirable to provide embodiments of this invention.

The present invention encompasses a vector expressing PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, or PRRSV antigen or variants or analogues or fragments. Elements for the expression of the antigens are advantageously present in an inventive vector. At a minimum, this comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an initiation codon (ATG), a stop codon and a promoter, and optionally also a polyadenylation sequence for certain vectors such as plasmid and certain viral vectors, e.g., viral vectors other than poxviruses. When the polynucleotide encodes a polyprotein fragment, e.g. a PCV2 antigen, or an M. hyopneumoniae antigen, or a PRRSV antigen, in the vector, an ATG is placed at 5′ of the reading frame and a stop codon is placed at 3′. Other elements for controlling expression may be present, such as enhancer sequences, stabilizing sequences, such as intron and signal sequences permitting the secretion of the protein.

In one embodiment, the invention provides for the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a formulation or composition for the delivery and expression of a PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, or PRRSV antigen in a target cell. Determination of the therapeutically effective amount is routine experimentation for one of ordinary skill in the art.

The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carriers, adjuvants, vehicles, or excipients are well known to the one skilled in the art. For example, a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or vehicle or excipient can be a 0.9% NaCl (e.g., saline) solution or a phosphate buffer. Other pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle, or excipients that can be used for methods of this invention include, but are not limited to, poly-(L-glutamate) or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle, or excipients may be any compound or combination of compounds facilitating the administration of the vector (or protein expressed from an inventive vector in vitro); the carrier, vehicle, adjuvant, or excipient may facilitate transfection and/or improve preservation of the vector (or protein). Doses and dose volumes are herein discussed in the general description and can also be determined by the skilled artisan from this disclosure read in conjunction with the knowledge in the art, without any undue experimentation.

The immunological compositions and vaccines according to the invention may comprise or consist essentially of one or more adjuvants. Suitable adjuvants for use in the practice of the present invention are (1) polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative polymers, (2) immunostimulating sequences (ISS), such as oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequences having one or more non-methylated CpG units (Klinman et al., 1996; WO98/16247), (3) an oil in water emulsion, such as the SPT emulsion described on page 147 of “Vaccine Design, The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach” published by M. Powell, M. Newman, Plenum Press 1995, and the emulsion MF59 described on page 183 of the same work, (4) cation lipids containing a quaternary ammonium salt, e.g., DDA (5) cytokines, (6) aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, (7) saponin or (8) other adjuvants discussed in any document cited and incorporated by reference into the instant application, or (9) any combinations or mixtures thereof.

The oil in water emulsion (3), can be based on: light liquid paraffin oil (European pharmacopoeia type), isoprenoid oil such as squalane, squalene, oil resulting from the oligomerization of alkenes, e.g. isobutene or decene, esters of acids or alcohols having a straight-chain alkyl group, such as vegetable oils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol, di(caprylate/caprate), glycerol tri(caprylate/caprate) and propylene glycol dioleate, or esters of branched, fatty alcohols or acids, especially isostearic acid esters.

The oil is used in combination with emulsifiers to form an emulsion. The emulsifiers may be nonionic surfactants, such as: esters of on the one hand sorbitan, mannide (e.g. anhydromannitol oleate), glycerol, polyglycerol or propylene glycol and on the other hand oleic, isostearic, ricinoleic or hydroxystearic acids, said esters being optionally ethoxylated, or polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, such as Pluronic, e.g., L121. Some of the emulsions, such as TS6, TS7, TS8 and TS9 emulsions, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,279 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,395.

In one embodiment, the adjuvant may include LR3 and LR4 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,368), TSAP (US20110129494), TRIGEN™ (Newport Labs), synthetic dsRNAs (e.g. poly-IC, poly-ICLC [HILTONOL®]), and MONTANIDE™ adjuvants (W/O, W/O/W, O/W, IMS and Gel; all produced by SEPPIC).

In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical and/or therapeutic compositions and/or formulations according to the invention comprise or consist essentially of or consist of an effective quantity to elicit a therapeutic response of one or more antigens as discussed herein; and, an effective quantity can be determined from this disclosure, including the documents incorporated herein, and the knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation.

The dose may include about 10² to about 10²⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10¹² VLPs (viral like particles). The viral particles may be calculated based on any virus titration methods including, but not limited to, FFA (Focus Forming Assay) or FFU (Focus Forming Unit), TCID₅₀ (50% Tissue Culture Infective Dose), PFU (Plaque Forming Units), and FAID₅₀ (50% Fluorescent Antibody Infectious Dose). The dose volumes can be between about 0.1 and about 10 ml, advantageously between about 0.2 and about 5 ml.

In the case of M hyo bacterin vaccine, the composition or vaccine may contain from about 1×10⁶ to about 5×10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU) per dose, about 1×10⁸ to about 5×10¹⁰ CFU/dose, and about 5×10⁸ to about 5×10¹⁰ CFU/dose.

The composition or vaccine may contain from about 10^(2.0) to about 10^(10.0) TCID₅₀ or PFU/dose, from about 10^(2.0) to about 10^(8.0) TCID₅₀ or PFU/dose, and from about 10^(2.0) to about 10^(6.5) TCID₅₀ or PFU/dose. The composition or vaccine may contain equivalent TCID₅₀ or PFU in the case of inactivated/killed composition or vaccine.

It should be understood by one of skill in the art that the disclosure herein is provided by way of example and the present invention is not limited thereto. From the disclosure herein and the knowledge in the art, the skilled artisan can determine the number of administrations, the administration route, and the doses to be used for each injection protocol, without any undue experimentation.

The present invention contemplates at least one administration to an animal of an efficient amount of the therapeutic composition made according to the invention. The animal may be male, female, pregnant female and newborn. This administration may be via various routes including, but not limited to, intramuscular (IM), intradermal (ID) or subcutaneous (SC) injection or via intranasal or oral administration. The therapeutic composition according to the invention can also be administered by a needleless apparatus (as, for example with a Pigjet, Biojector or Vitajet apparatus (Bioject, Oreg., USA)).

In one embodiment of the invention, a prime-boost regimen can be employed, which is comprised of at least one primary administration and at least one booster administration using at least one common polypeptide, antigen, epitope or immunogen. The immunological composition or vaccine used in primary administration is different in nature from those used as a booster. However, it is noted that the same composition can be used as the primary administration and the boost. This administration protocol is called “prime-boost”. The prime-administration may comprise one or more administrations. Similarly, the boost administration may comprise one or more administrations.

The composition or vaccine is administered to a pig or weaning pig. A booster administration can be done if necessary around 2 to 8 weeks after the first administration. In another embodiment, the composition or vaccine is administered to a pig or sow so that piglets acquire passive immunity against PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, and/or PRRSV infection from suckling colostrum and milk. A booster administration can also be repeated every 6-month or every year, especially for the pigs or sows.

Another object is a vaccination kit or set, comprising at least one vaccine vial containing an M hyo composition or vaccine, or M hyo multivalent composition or vaccine, or M hyo/PCV2 composition or vaccine, or PRRS composition or vaccine, or a combination thereof, operatively assembled to perform the administration of the vaccine to an animal of the swine family.

Such vaccination kit or set is able to elicit a safe and protective immune response against PCV2, M. hyopneumoniae, and/or PRRSV infection.

The invention will now be further described by way of the following non-limiting examples.

Examples Example 1 Efficacy Study of M Hyo Multivalent Vaccines and PRRSV Vaccines

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are two of the most commonly isolated pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex. In pig flows where both of these pathogens are present infection with M. hyopneumoniae often predisposes pigs to infection with PRRSV. (1) In an in vitro model, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines are induced by coinfection, which may continuously draw more macrophages to the site of infection in the lung and prolong the infection. (2) If this translates to the field, pneumonia induced by coinfection may result in a longer duration of PRRSV induced pneumonia than is observed when the infection is potentiated by the virus by itself. PRRSV strains currently circulating in the field possess a high level of genetic heterogeneity such that commercial vaccines are often unable to provide protection against heterologous strains of virus. (3) Recently, a new strain of PRRSV exhibiting a 1-7-4 RFLP pattern has been increasing in prevalence within the United States. (4) Preliminary reports from the field have described a lack of protection obtained with commercial vaccines against this virulent new strain. When M. hyopneumoniae is present on a farm, the outcome of infection with this virus may be worsened. New vaccination strategies are needed that can combat the combined pathologies associated with these two pathogens, particularly after weaning when pigs become most susceptible to infection.

In this study, a field study was performed in which four different vaccination strategies were tested to determine whether they would be able to enhance weight gain from weaning to 12 weeks of age.

PRRSV strains were isolated from 28 day pigs serum from an infected nursery showing clinical signs of PRRS. RNA was extracted and sequenced. Propagated PRRS viruses were inactivated by a chemical reaction using BEI (binary ethylenimine). Formaldehyde or BPL (betapropiolactone) may also be used to inactivate the PRRS viruses. One hundred and sixty PRRS positive pigs were separated into four groups. The pigs were a mixture of males and females. The pigs were about 21-day old and weighed about eighteen pounds on average.

TABLE 1 Treatment groups Group Treatment n A Commercial PRRSV MLV Vaccine¹, Circovac PCV2 40 Vaccine², inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine³ B Commercial PRRSV MLV and Circovac PCV2 vaccine 40 C Commercial PRRSV MLV, Circovac PCV2 Vaccine, 40 MAINSAIL ® Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine⁴, inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine D Commercial PRRSV MLV, Circovac PCV2 Vaccine, and 40 MAINSAIL ® Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine Commercial PRRSV MLV Vaccine¹: INGELVAC PRRS ® MLV vaccine (Boehringer Ingelheim), label dose. Circovac PCV2 Vaccine²: PCV2 vaccine CIRCOVAC ® (inactivated vaccine commercialized by Merial Limited) containing PCV2 strain Imp. 1010, 2 ml/dose. inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine³: in TS6 adjuvant/emulsion (66.66% TS6 + 33.33% PRRSV harvest fluids) (TS6 as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,608,279 and 7,371,395, and also in Table 3), 1 cc dose MAINSAIL ® Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine⁴: inactivated M hyo bacterin vaccine (ProtaTek International, Inc., Saint Paul, MN), 1 ml/dose.

TABLE 2 Treatment Scheme Group Treatment Route Volume Frequency Challenge A 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV IM 0.5 mL One dose Natural vaccine right side of the neck at MLV Ingelvac Exposure weaning PRRS PRRS 1 dose Circovac vaccine right 0.5 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Circovac Circovac 1 dose killed PRRS vaccine left 1.0 mL Two doses side of the neck. 3 weeks later killed Killed 2^(nd) dose of killed PRRS vaccine PRRS PRRS on left side of neck B 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV IM 0.5 mL One dose Natural vaccine right side of the neck at MLV Ingelvac Exposure weaning PRRS PRRS 1 dose Circovac vaccine right 0.5 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Circovac Circovac C 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV IM 0.5 mL One dose Natural vaccine right side of the neck at MLV Ingelvac Exposure weaning PRRS PRRS 1 dose Circovac vaccine right 0.5 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Circovac Circovac 1 dose killed PRRS vaccine left 1.0 mL Two doses side of the neck. 3 weeks later killed Killed 2^(nd) dose of killed PRRS vaccine PRRS PRRS on left side of neck 1 dose Mainsail vaccine right 1 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Mainsail Mainsail D 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV IM 0.5 mL One dose Natural vaccine right side of the neck at MLV Ingelvac Exposure weaning PRRS PRRS 1 dose Circovac vaccine right 0.5 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Circovac Circovac 1 dose Mainsail vaccine right 1 mL One dose side of the neck at weaning Mainsail Mainsail

TABLE 3 TS6 emulsion (premulsion described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,279 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,395) Oily phase (120 ml) Sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80 ®) 1.8% w/v Sorbitan trioleate (20 OE) (TWEEN 85 ®) 10.2% w/v Paraffin oil (MARCOL 82 ®) 88% v/v Aqueous phase (120 ml) 20% (w/v) solution of sorbitan monooleate (20 OE) 11.25% w/v (TWEEN 80 ®) Phosphate disodic and monopotassic 0.02M isotonic 85.75% v/v buffer (pH 7.8) Sodium mercurothiolate (Thionersal ®) 1% in water 1.5% v/v

Animals were followed for 61 days and weighed on days 0 and 61. Serum samples were also drawn at both time points and were assessed for the presence of PRRSV by qPCR (FIG. 1) and for neutralizing antibody titer using a Fluorescent Focus Neutralization assay (FFN). Neutralizing antibody titers were measured against both the strains used in vaccination treatments as well as a heterologous strain, NADC20 (FIG. 2). Weight gain was assessed between all groups using a two-way ANOVA (α=0.05) to determine whether the factors, start weight and treatment group, had a statistically significant impact on the outcome variable, finish weight (FIG. 3). Groups were then ranked using Student's t-test (α=0.05) in order to visualize statistically significant differences between groups (FIG. 4). Pigs were similarly assessed to determine whether vaccination with M. hyopneumoniae had a statistically significant impact on finish weight irrespective of the other components of the treatment given (FIG. 5).

The results of the study were complicated by the fact that animals in treatment groups A and B were significantly lighter than animals in groups C and D at the beginning of the study. Based on the qPCR results from serum drawn at the beginning of the study it seems that this difference may have been due to a more severe PRRSV infection in groups A and B. This evidence is further supported by the results of our FFN testing which demonstrated a statistically significant difference in neutralizing antibody titer against the 1-7-4 RFLP virus for pigs in group A at the end of the study. It seems likely that these pigs experienced a more severe challenge with this virus prior to vaccination. The inactivated vaccine delivered at day 0 might have served as a booster vaccination following this challenge. This may have resulted in enhanced neutralizing antibody titers at the end of the study in comparison to the other groups that either did not receive the vaccine, or were not as severely infected at the beginning of the study.

Another study was done to assess the effect of inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine when used with PRRSV MLV at the same time. Results showed a 2-5% improvement in death loss when using killed PRRS with MLV (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Effect of inactivated PRRS vaccine Death loss Group improvement A: Control (1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV vaccine) — B: 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV vaccine + 1 dose 2.5% inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine C: 1 dose Ingelvac PRRS ® MLV vaccine + 1 dose 5.0% inactivated autogenous PRRSV vaccine + 1 dose MAINSAIL ® Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine

When comparing treatments that resulted in a significant increase in weight gained by the end of the study, the M. hyopneumoniae vaccination clearly stood out as a factor that increased the ability of the pigs to gain weight. Pigs that received an M. hyopneumoniae vaccination finished the study an average of 11 pounds heavier than pigs that did not receive this treatment and the death loss improvement is 3.7% in the M. hyopneumoniae vaccinated groups. Thus, a significant economic advantage can be assigned to M. hyopneumoniae vaccination. The results demonstrate a significant weight advantage for animals that received an M. hyopneumoniae vaccination.

The data indicate that the benefit of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination is currently underestimated in the field. The data also indicate that the administration of inactivated PRRSV vaccine with PRRSV MLV reduced the death rate. Further, the results show that no interference was observed when M hyo vaccine was mixed with PCV2 and PRRSV vaccines.

Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the above paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

All documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention. 

What we claim is:
 1. A composition or vaccine comprising: i) an M hyo antigen, and ii) a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antigen, a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) antigen, or a combination thereof.
 2. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the composition of vaccine comprises an M hyo antigen and a PCV2 antigen.
 3. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the composition of vaccine comprises an M hyo antigen and a PRRSV antigen.
 4. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the composition of vaccine comprises an M hyo antigen, a PCV2 antigen and a PRRSV antigen.
 5. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the M hyo antigen is an inactivated M hyo.
 6. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the PRRSV antigen is a modified-live and/or an inactivated PRRSV.
 7. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the PCV2 antigen is an inactivated PCV2.
 8. The composition or vaccine of claim 1, wherein the PRRSV antigen comprises an inactivated PRRSV comprising a polynucleotide encoding an ORF5 protein having at least 91% sequence identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or
 9. 9. A composition or vaccine comprising one or more PRRSV antigens, wherein the PRRSV is a modified-live and/or an inactivated PRRSV.
 10. The composition or vaccine of claim 9, wherein the PRRSV antigen comprises an inactivated PRRSV comprising a polynucleotide encoding an ORF5 protein having at least 91% sequence identity to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or
 9. 11. The composition or vaccine of claim 9, wherein the composition or vaccine comprises a modified-live PRRSV antigen and an inactivated PRRSV antigen.
 12. The composition or vaccine of claim 1 or 9, wherein the composition or vaccine increases the ability of pigs to gain weight or improve death loss.
 13. The composition or vaccine of claim 1 or 9, wherein the composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, adjuvant, vehicle, or excipient.
 14. A method of vaccinating an animal or inducing an immunogenic or protective response in the animal against one or more pig pathogens, or increasing the ability of pigs to gain weight or improve death loss, comprising at least one administration of the composition or vaccine of claim 1 or
 9. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the method comprises a prime-boost administration regimen.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the method comprises a primary administration of a composition or vaccine comprising an M hyo antigen, a PCV2 antigen, and a PRRSV antigen and a boost administration of a composition or vaccine comprising a PRRSV antigen.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the PRRSV antigen of the primary administration is a modified-live PRRSV, and wherein the PRRSV antigen of the boost administration is an inactivated PRRSV.
 18. A method of vaccinating an animal or inducing an immunogenic or protective response in the animal against one or more pig pathogens, or improve death loss, comprising at least one administration of the composition or vaccine of a modified-live PRRSV and an inactivated PRRSV.
 19. The method of claim 14 or 18, wherein the animal is swine.
 20. A vaccination kit or set comprising one or more vaccine vials containing the composition or vaccine of claim 1 or
 9. 